SMPInstr.cpp

				break;
			}
		}
		else { // we have a right subtree in the CurrRT
			SMPRegTransfer *RightRT = CurrRT->GetRightTree();
			// In order to have a right subtree, we must have something like:
			//   lea esp,[ecx-4]  which produces the RTL: esp := ecx - 4
			// We should consider any other RTL structure besides a basic addition or
			//  subtraction on the right subtree to be invalid.
			CurrOper = RightRT->GetOperator();
			if ((SMP_ADD == CurrOper) || (SMP_SUBTRACT == CurrOper)) {
				op_t RightLeftOp = RightRT->GetLeftOperand();
				if (o_reg == RightLeftOp.type) {
					if (RightRT->HasRightSubTree()) {
						// Complex RTL such as lea esp,[ebx+ecx*4] ; cannot analyze
						StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;
					}
					else {
						op_t RightRightOp = RightRT->GetRightOperand();
						if (o_imm != RightRightOp.type) {
							// Complex RTL such as lea esp,[ebx+ecx] ; cannot analyze
							StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;
						}
						else {
							TempOp = RightLeftOp;
							DeltaAdjust = (sval_t) RightRightOp.value;
							if (SMP_SUBTRACT == CurrOper) {
								// Negate the stack delta adjustment, e.g. lea esp,[ecx-4] needs DeltaAdjust of -4, not 4.
								DeltaAdjust = (0 - DeltaAdjust);
							}
							LookUpStackDelta = true;
							StackPointerSaveOrRestore = true;
							if (SPRestore || FPRestore) {
								CopyOp = RightLeftOp;
							}
							else {
								CopyOp = LeftOp;
							}
						}
					}
				}
				else { // weird RTL; LeftOp := (MemoryOp OPER ???)
					StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;
				}
			}
			else { // not ADD or SUBTRACT
				StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;
			}
		}

		if (LookUpStackDelta) {
			bool StackAccess = false;
			bool NonStackMemAccess = false;
			// We need to set StackDelta based on the reaching defs for TempOp
			// A reg is probably a general register, but could have lea ebx,[esp+4] so it could be stack or frame pointer.
			if (TempOp.is_reg(MD_STACK_POINTER_REG)) {
				// Weed out RTs that increment or decrement the stack pointer, e.g. SP := SP -4.
				//  These are not the kind of "save" or "restore" RTs that we are tracking.
				if (CopyOp.is_reg(MD_STACK_POINTER_REG)) {
					StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;
					SPRestore = false;
					FPRestore = false;
					Save = false;
				}
				else {
					StackDelta = this->GetStackPtrOffset();
					StackDelta += DeltaAdjust;
					LookUpStackDelta = false; // just got it; no need for reaching defs
					StackPointerSaveOrRestore = true;
				}
			}
			else if (UseFP && TempOp.is_reg(MD_FRAME_POINTER_REG)) {
				StackDelta = FPDelta;
				StackDelta += DeltaAdjust;
				LookUpStackDelta = false; // just got it; no need for reaching defs
				StackPointerSaveOrRestore = true;
			}
			else if (o_reg == TempOp.type) { // general reg, not frame or stack pointer reg
				CopyReg = TempOp.reg;
			}
			else {
				MDExtractAddressFields(TempOp, BaseReg, IndexReg, Scale, offset);
				CopyReg = BaseReg;
				bool IndexedAccess = ((R_none != BaseReg) && (R_none != IndexReg));
				if (IndexedAccess) {
					StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;  // Cannot analyze indexed accesses into the stack
				}
				else if (MDIsStackPtrReg(BaseReg, UseFP)) {
					StackAccess = true;
				}
				else {
					// memory expr that is not stack or frame pointer
					NonStackMemAccess = true;  // something like [ecx] might actually turn out to be stack access
					DeltaAdjust = (sval_t) TempOp.addr; // get normalized delta from addr field
				}
			}

			if (StackPointerSaveOrRestore && LookUpStackDelta) {
				op_t FindOp = InitOp;
				if (StackAccess) {
					FindOp = TempOp;
				}
				else {
					FindOp.type = o_reg;
					FindOp.reg = CopyReg;
				}
				if (this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->IsInStackPtrCopySet(FindOp)) {
					// Screened out time wasters that are not in copy set; now,
					//  look up reaching defs.
					// We need to find out which are the reaching definitions for the FindOp at the current InstAddr.
					this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->ComputeTempReachingDefs(FindOp, this->GetAddr());
					this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->ComputeTempStackDeltaReachesList(FindOp);
					// See if TempStackDeltaReachesList has a consistent delta value.
					StackPointerSaveOrRestore = this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->FindReachingStackDelta(StackDelta); // consistent SavedDelta value across entire list
					StackDelta += DeltaAdjust;
					if (StackPointerSaveOrRestore && NonStackMemAccess) {
						// We have something like [ecx] or [ecx+DeltaAdjust]. It turns out that
						//  ECX has a copy of the stack pointer or frame pointer in it, but that
						//  does not mean that the memory location [ecx] has a copy of a stack or
						//  frame pointer. We need to look up the normalized stack address [esp+StackDelta]
						//  in the StackPtrCopySet just like we did for ECX before we conclude that a
						//  stack pointer save or restore is happening.
						FindOp = InitOp;
						FindOp.type = o_displ;
						FindOp.reg = MD_STACK_POINTER_REG;
						FindOp.addr = StackDelta;
						if (this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->IsInStackPtrCopySet(FindOp)) {
							// Screened out time wasters that are not in copy set; now,
							//  look up reaching defs.
							// We need to find out which are the reaching definitions for the FindOp at the current InstAddr.
							this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->ComputeTempReachingDefs(FindOp, this->GetAddr());
							this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->ComputeTempStackDeltaReachesList(FindOp);
							// See if TempStackDeltaReachesList has a consistent delta value.
							StackPointerSaveOrRestore = this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->FindReachingStackDelta(StackDelta); // consistent SavedDelta value across entire list
							// StackPointerSaveOrRestore will now be true only if [ecx] pointed to a saved stack or frame pointer with consistent delta.
						}
						else {
							// E.g. [ecx] pointed to stack location that was not holding a saved stack or frame pointer.
							StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false;
						}
					}
				}
				else {
					StackPointerSaveOrRestore = false; // reset, not in stack pointer copy set
				}
			}
		} // end if (LookupStackDelta)

		if (!StackPointerSaveOrRestore && !Save && (SPRestore || FPRestore)) {
			// Any restore that could not be analyzed is an error.
			Error = true;
			break; // error exit
		}
		else if (StackPointerSaveOrRestore) {
			if (FPRestore) {
				// If we succeeded in looking up a stack delta that goes into the frame pointer reg,
				//  then we want to consider this instruction to be a save of a stack delta into
				//  a register (which happens to be the frame pointer reg in this case).
				FPRestore = false;
				Save = true;
			}
			break; // assume only one save or restore in an instruction; exit with success
		}
	} // end for all RTs in the RTL

	return StackPointerSaveOrRestore;
} // end of SMPInstr::MDIsStackPtrSaveOrRestore()

// If call instruction is to malloc(), set the DEF register EAX type to
//  HEAPPTR and return true.
bool SMPInstr::MDFindMallocCall(op_t TargetOp) {
	bool changed = false;
	func_t *TargetFunc = get_func(TargetOp.addr);
	if (TargetFunc) {
		char FuncName[MAXSTR];
		get_func_name(TargetFunc->startEA, FuncName, sizeof(FuncName) - 1);
		if (0 == strcmp("malloc", FuncName)) {
			// NOTE: Some compilers might call it __malloc ; make this more robust !!!
#if SMP_VERBOSE_FIND_POINTERS
			SMP_msg("Found call to malloc at %x\n", this->addr);
#endif
			op_t SearchOp = InitOp;
			SearchOp.type = o_reg;
			SearchOp.reg = R_ax;
			set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator EAXDEF;
			EAXDEF = this->SetDefType(SearchOp, HEAPPTR);
			int SSANum = EAXDEF->GetSSANum();
			changed = true;
			if (this->BasicBlock->IsLocalName(SearchOp)) {
				(void) this->BasicBlock->PropagateLocalDefType(SearchOp, HEAPPTR,
						this->GetAddr(), SSANum, false);
			}
			else { // global name
				this->BasicBlock->GetFunc()->ResetProcessedBlocks(); // set Processed to false
				(void) this->BasicBlock->PropagateGlobalDefType(SearchOp, HEAPPTR,
						SSANum, false);
			}
		} // end if "malloc"
	} // end if (TargetFunc)
	return changed;
} // end of SMPInstr::MDFindMallocCall()

// Is instruction a branch (conditional or unconditional) to a
//  code target that is not in the current chunk?
bool SMPInstr::IsBranchToFarChunk(void) {
	if (this->IsFarBranchComputed()) { // answer is cached
		return this->IsBranchesToFarChunk();
	}
	func_t *CurrChunk = get_fchunk(this->address);
	bool FarBranch = false;
	if ((JUMP | COND_BRANCH) & this->GetDataFlowType()) {
		// Instruction is a direct branch, conditional or unconditional
		if (this->NumUses() > 0) {
			set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator CurrUse;
			for (CurrUse = this->GetFirstUse(); CurrUse != this->GetLastUse(); ++CurrUse) {
				op_t JumpTarget = CurrUse->GetOp();
				if ((o_near == JumpTarget.type) || (o_far == JumpTarget.type)) {
					// Branches to a code address
					// stdclib sometimes has jumps to zero and calls to zero. These are dead code.
					if (0 != JumpTarget.addr) {
						func_t *TargetChunk = get_fchunk(JumpTarget.addr);
						// Is target address within the same chunk as the branch?
						FarBranch = (NULL == TargetChunk) || (CurrChunk->startEA != TargetChunk->startEA);
						if (FarBranch) {
							this->FarBranchTarget = JumpTarget.addr;
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if (FarBranch) {
		this->SetBranchesToFarChunk();
	}
	this->SetFarBranchComputed();
	return FarBranch;
} // end of SMPInstr::IsBranchToFarChunk()

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetUseSSA(op_t CurrOp, int SSASub) {
	return this->Uses.SetSSANum(CurrOp, SSASub);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetDefSSA(op_t CurrOp, int SSASub) {
	return this->Defs.SetSSANum(CurrOp, SSASub);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetUseType(op_t CurrOp, SMPOperandType CurrType) {
	return this->Uses.SetType(CurrOp, CurrType, this);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetDefType(op_t CurrOp, SMPOperandType CurrType) {
	return this->Defs.SetType(CurrOp, CurrType, this);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetDefMetadata(op_t CurrOp, SMPMetadataType Status) {
	return this->Defs.SetMetadata(CurrOp, Status);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetDefIndWrite(op_t CurrOp, bool IndWriteFlag) {
	return this->Defs.SetIndWrite(CurrOp, IndWriteFlag);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetUseNoTruncate(op_t CurrOp, bool NoTruncFlag) {
	return this->Uses.SetNoTruncation(CurrOp, NoTruncFlag);
};

set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator SMPInstr::SetDefNoOverflow(op_t DefOp, bool NoOverflowFlag) {
	return this->Defs.SetNoOverflow(DefOp, NoOverflowFlag);
};

// Set the DeadRegsBitmap entry for Regnum.
void SMPInstr::SetRegDead(size_t RegNum) {
	this->DeadRegsBitmap.set(RegNum);
	return;
}


// Analyze the instruction and its operands.
void SMPInstr::Analyze(void) {
	bool DebugFlag = false;

	if (0x8049b00 == this->address) {
		// Setting up breakpoint line.
		DebugFlag = true;
	}

	// Fill cmd structure with disassembly of instr
	if (!SMPGetCmd(this->address, this->SMPcmd, this->features))
		return;

	unsigned short opcode = this->SMPcmd.itype;

	// Record what type of instruction this is, simplified for the needs
	//  of data flow and type analysis.
	this->type = DFACategory[opcode];
	// Record optimization category.
	this->OptType = OptCategory[opcode];

	if ((NN_int == opcode) || (NN_into == opcode) || (NN_int3 == opcode)) {
		this->SetInterrupt();
	}
	else {
		this->ResetInterrupt();
	}

	// Fix the IDA Pro mistakes in the operand list.
	this->MDFixupIDAProOperandList();

	// See if instruction is an ASM idiom for clearing a register.
	if ((NN_xor == opcode) || (NN_lea == opcode)) {
		ushort FirstReg;
		if (o_reg == this->SMPcmd.Operands[0].type) {
			FirstReg = this->SMPcmd.Operands[0].reg;
			op_t SecondOpnd = this->SMPcmd.Operands[1];
			if (NN_xor == opcode) {
				// Check for xor of reg with itself
				if (SecondOpnd.is_reg(FirstReg)) {
					this->SetRegClearIdiom();
				}
			}
			else { // must be lea
				// check for lea reg,[nobasereg+nonindexreg+0]
				if ((SecondOpnd.type >= o_mem) && (SecondOpnd.type <= o_displ)) {
					int BaseReg, IndexReg;
					ushort ScaleFactor;
					ea_t Offset;
					MDExtractAddressFields(SecondOpnd, BaseReg, IndexReg, ScaleFactor, Offset);
					if ((R_none == BaseReg) && (R_none == IndexReg) && (0 == Offset)) {
						this->SetRegClearIdiom();
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// See if instruction is simple nop or ASM idiom for nop.
	if (this->MDIsNop()) {
		this->SetNop();
	}

	// Build the DEF and USE lists for the instruction.
	this->FindMemOps();
	this->BuildSMPDefUseLists();

	// Determine whether the instruction is a jump target by looking
	//  at its cross references and seeing if it has "TO" code xrefs.
	SMP_xref_t xrefs;
	for (bool ok = xrefs.SMP_first_to(this->address, XREF_FAR); ok; ok = xrefs.SMP_next_to()) {
		if ((xrefs.GetFrom() != 0) && (xrefs.GetIscode())) {
			this->SetJumpTarget();
			break;
		}
	}

	// If instruction is a call or indirect call, see if a call target has been recorded
	//  by IDA Pro.
	if (this->GetDataFlowType() == INDIR_CALL) {
		for (bool ok = xrefs.SMP_first_from(this->address, XREF_ALL);
			ok;
			ok = xrefs.SMP_next_from()) {
			if ((xrefs.GetTo() != 0) && (xrefs.GetIscode())) {
				// Found a code target, with its address in xrefs.to
				if (xrefs.GetTo() == (this->address + this->GetCmd().size)) {
					// A call instruction will have two targets: the fall through to the
					//  next instruction, and the called function. We want to find
					//  the called function.
					continue;
				}
				// We found a target, not the fall-through.
				this->CallTarget = xrefs.GetTo();
				SMP_msg("Found indirect call target %lx at %lx\n",
					(unsigned long) xrefs.GetTo(), (unsigned long) this->address);
				break;
			}
		} // end for all code xrefs
		if (BADADDR == this->CallTarget) {
			SMP_msg("WARNING: Did not find indirect call target at %lx\n",
				(unsigned long) this->address);
		}
	} // end if INDIR_CALL
	else if (this->GetDataFlowType() == CALL) {
		set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator CurrUse;
		for (CurrUse = this->GetFirstUse(); CurrUse != this->GetLastUse(); ++CurrUse) {
			optype_t OpType = CurrUse->GetOp().type;
			if ((OpType == o_near) || (OpType == o_far)) {
				this->CallTarget = CurrUse->GetOp().addr;
			}
		}
		if (BADADDR == this->CallTarget) {
			SMP_msg("ERROR: Target not found for direct call at %lx\n", (unsigned long) this->address);
		}
	}

	if (DebugFlag) {
		SMP_msg("Analyzed debug instruction at %lx\n", (unsigned long) this->address);
	}
	return;
} // end of SMPInstr::Analyze()

// Analyze the floating point NOP marker instruction at the top of the function.
void SMPInstr::AnalyzeMarker(void) {
	// Fill member variable SMPcmd structure with disassembly of instr
	(void) memset(&(this->SMPcmd), 0, sizeof(this->SMPcmd));
	this->SMPcmd.itype = NN_fnop;
	this->SMPcmd.size = 1;
	this->SMPcmd.ea = this->address;
	// Set the instr disassembly text.
	DisAsmText.SetMarkerInstText(this->GetAddr());

	// Record what type of instruction this is, simplified for the needs
	//  of data flow and type analysis.
	this->type = DFACategory[this->SMPcmd.itype];
	// Record optimization category.
	this->OptType = OptCategory[this->SMPcmd.itype];

	return;
} // end of SMPInstr::AnalyzeMarker()

// Detect oddities of call instructions, such as pseudo-calls that are
//  actually jumps within a function
void SMPInstr::AnalyzeCallInst(ea_t FirstFuncAddr, ea_t LastFuncAddr) {
	if (BADADDR != this->CallTarget) {
		if (this->CallTarget == FirstFuncAddr) {
			this->SetDirectRecursiveCall();
		}
		else {
			this->ResetDirectRecursiveCall();
			if ((this->CallTarget > FirstFuncAddr)
					&& (this->CallTarget < LastFuncAddr)) {
				this->SetCallUsedAsJump();
				this->type = JUMP;
			}
			else {
				this->ResetCallUsedAsJump();
			}
		}
	}
	return;
} // end of SMPInstr::AnalyzeCallInst()

sval_t SMPInstr::AnalyzeStackPointerDelta(sval_t IncomingDelta, sval_t PreAllocDelta) {
	uint16 InstType = this->SMPcmd.itype;
	sval_t InstDelta = StackAlteration[InstType];
	SMPitype FlowType = this->GetDataFlowType();
	bool TailCall = this->IsTailCall();

	if (this->IsCallUsedAsJump() || this->MDIsInterruptCall() || this->IsCondTailCall()) {
		// Call is used within function as a jump. Happens when setting up
		//  thunk offsets, for example; OR, call is an interrupt call, in which
		//  the interrupt return cleans up the stack, leaving a delta of zero, but
		//  we do not have the system call code to analyze, OR, the call is a conditional
		//  jump to another function (conditional tail call), in which case the current
		//  function must have a return statement to fall into which will clean up the
		//  only thing left on the stack (the return address) and the conditional jump
		//  has no effect on the stack pointer.
		; // leave InstDelta equal to negative or zero value from StackAlterationTable[]
	}
	else if (this->IsRecursiveCall()) {
		// We don't have the net stack delta for our own function yet, so we cannot
		//  look it up. We must assume that each call has no net effect on the stack delta.
		// Alternatively, we could call this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->GetStackDeltaForCallee() as below.
		InstDelta = 0;
	}
	else if (this->IsAllocaCall()) {
		InstDelta = STARS_DEFAULT_ALLOCA_SIZE;
	}
	else if ((CALL == FlowType) || (INDIR_CALL == FlowType) || TailCall) {
		// A real call instruction, which pushes a return address on the stack,
		//  not a call used as a branch within the function. A return instruction
		//  will usually cancel out the stack push that is implicit in the call, which 
		//  means that the function will have a net stack ptr delta of +4, which will
		//  cancel out the -4 value of the call instruction and set the delta to zero.
		//  However, this is not true in all cases, so we get the net stack ptr delta
		//  directly from the called function unless it is an unresolved indirect call,
		//  in which case we assume +4. !!!!****!!!! In the future, we could analyze
		//  the code around an unresolved indirect call to see if it seems to be
		//  removing items left on the stack by the callee.
		// SPECIAL CASE: A jump used as a tail call will have a stack ptr effect that is equal
		//  to the net stack ptr effect of its target function, usually +4, whereas a jump
		//  would otherwise have a net stack ptr effect of 0.
		ea_t CalledFuncAddr = this->GetCallTarget();
		if ((BADADDR == CalledFuncAddr) || (0 == CalledFuncAddr)) {
			InstDelta = 0;
		}
		else { // We have a call target
			SMPFunction *CalleeFunc = this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->GetProg()->FindFunction(CalledFuncAddr);
			sval_t AdjustmentDelta;
			if (CalleeFunc) {
				if (!CalleeFunc->HasSTARSStackPtrAnalysisCompleted()) {
					// Phase ordering issue in the call graph. A mutually recursive clique of functions has to
					//  be broken by starting processing somewhere, and all callees cannot be processed before
					//  we start. If we got our stack down to zero and then made a tail call, then we have to assume
					//  that the callee will use our return address, so we assume the default stack delta. If not a
					//  tail call, we ask our function to see if the information is available from IDA Pro analyses,
					//  or if it can be inferred from the fact that the call is followed by a stack adjustment.
					if (TailCall) {
						InstDelta = CALLING_CONVENTION_DEFAULT_FUNCTION_STACK_DELTA;
						SMP_msg("WARNING: Callee stack ptr analysis not yet performed at tail call inst %lx ; normal delta assumed\n",
							(unsigned long) this->GetAddr());
					}
					else {
						AdjustmentDelta = this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->GetStackDeltaForCallee(CalledFuncAddr);
						InstDelta += AdjustmentDelta;
						SMP_msg("WARNING: Callee stack ptr analysis not yet performed at inst %lx ; stack adjustment used\n",
							(unsigned long) this->GetAddr());
					}
				}
				else if (!CalleeFunc->StackPtrAnalysisSucceeded()) {
					// Callee analyses were done, but they failed. In order to proceed, we have to assume
					//  the same situation as we just did in the case where analyses have not been performed.
					SMP_msg("WARNING: Callee stack ptr analysis failed at inst %lx ; normal delta assumed\n",
						(unsigned long) this->GetAddr());
					if (TailCall) {
						InstDelta = CALLING_CONVENTION_DEFAULT_FUNCTION_STACK_DELTA;
					}
					else {
						AdjustmentDelta = this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->GetStackDeltaForCallee(this->GetAddr());
						InstDelta += AdjustmentDelta;
					}
				}
				else {
					// Callee's analyses have succeeded, so get delta straight from callee.
					InstDelta += CalleeFunc->GetNetStackPtrDelta();
				}
			}
			else {
#if 0
				SMP_msg("ERROR: SMPInstr::AnalyzeStackPointerDelta failed to find func at %lx in inst %lx\n",
					(unsigned long) CalledFuncAddr, (unsigned long) this->GetAddr());
				InstDelta = SMP_STACK_DELTA_ERROR_CODE;
#else
				SMP_msg("ERROR: SMPInstr::AnalyzeStackPointerDelta failed to find func at %lx in inst %lx\n",
					(unsigned long) CalledFuncAddr, (unsigned long) this->GetAddr());
				if (TailCall) {
					InstDelta = CALLING_CONVENTION_DEFAULT_FUNCTION_STACK_DELTA;
				}
				else {
					InstDelta = 0;
				}
#endif
			}
		}
	} // end CALL or INDIR_CALL or TailCall case
	else if (1 == InstDelta) { 
		// value of 1 is trigger to investigate the RTL for the 
		//  true value, which cannot be found simply by table lookup
		// In the special case of an x86 LEAVE instruction, the effect
		//  on the stack pointer is to deallocate the local frame size,
		//  plus pop the saved frame pointer into EBP. Helper functions
		//  need to know whether to look for this special case.
		bool IsLeaveInstr = this->MDIsLeaveInstr();
		InstDelta = this->RTL.TotalStackPointerAlteration(IsLeaveInstr, IncomingDelta, PreAllocDelta);
	}
	return InstDelta;
} // end of SMPInstr::AnalyzeStackPointerDelta()

// Total the stack adjustment bytes, as happens after a call to a function that leaves
//  outgoing args on the stack or swallows incoming args from the stack.
sval_t SMPInstr::FindStackAdjustment(void) {
	uint16 InstType = this->SMPcmd.itype;
	sval_t InstDelta = StackAlteration[InstType];

	if (1 == InstDelta) { 
		// value of 1 is trigger to investigate the RTL for the 
		//  true value, which cannot be found simply by table lookup
		// In the special case of an x86 LEAVE instruction, the effect
		//  on the stack pointer is to deallocate the local frame size,
		//  plus pop the saved frame pointer into EBP. Helper functions
		//  need to know whether to look for this special case.
		bool IsLeaveInstr = this->MDIsLeaveInstr();
		if (!IsLeaveInstr) {
			InstDelta = this->RTL.TotalStackPointerAlteration(IsLeaveInstr, 0, 0);
		}
		else {
			InstDelta = 0; // LEAVE is not the kind of instr we are looking for
		}
	}
	return InstDelta;
} // end of SMPInstr::FindStackAdjustment()

// Normalize stack operands to have a displacement from the stack pointer value on entry to the function,
//  rather than the current stack pointer value.
// UseFP indicates we are using a frame pointer in the function.
// FPDelta holds the stack delta (normalized) for the frame pointer.
// DefOp comes in with the operand to be normalized, and contains the normalized operand upon return.
// Return true if operand is a register or stack location, false otherwise (true => include in data flow analysis sets and SSA.)
bool SMPInstr::MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(bool UseFP, sval_t FPDelta, op_t &DefOp) {
	if (o_reg == DefOp.type) {
		return true;
	}
	else if (MDIsStackAccessOpnd(DefOp, UseFP)) {
		op_t OldOp = DefOp;
		int SignedOffset = (int) DefOp.addr;
		sval_t NormalizedDelta;

		if (DefOp.hasSIB) {
			// We must deal with a potentially indexed memory expression. We want to
			//  normalize two different cases here: e.g. [esp+ebx+4] will become [esp+ebx-24]
			//  and [ebp+ebx-8] will become [esp+ebx-12] after normalization. A wrinkle
			//  on the second case is when the base register and index register are swapped
			//  in the SIB byte, and we make [ebx+ebp-4] into [esp+ebx-12], which involves
			//  correcting the index/base reg order in the SIB, because an index reg of ESP
			//  is the SIB encoding for "no index register" and we cannot leave it like that.
			int BaseReg = sib_base(DefOp);
			int IndexReg = (int) sib_index(DefOp);
			if (X86_STACK_POINTER_REG == IndexReg) // signifies no index register
				IndexReg = R_none;
			if (BaseReg == X86_STACK_POINTER_REG) {
				// We probably have an indexed ESP-relative operand.
				//  We leave the sib byte alone and normalize the offset.
				NormalizedDelta = this->GetStackPtrOffset() + (sval_t) SignedOffset;
			}
			else {
				// Must be EBP-relative.
				NormalizedDelta = FPDelta + (sval_t) SignedOffset;
				// Unfortunately, when we are dealing with a SIB byte in the opcode, we cannot
				//  just say DefOp.reg = MD_STACK_POINTER_REG to convert from the frame pointer
				//  to the stack pointer. Instead, we have to get into the nasty machine code
				//  level and change the SIB bits that specify either the base register or the
				//  index register, whichever one is the frame pointer.
				if (BaseReg == X86_FRAME_POINTER_REG) {
					// The three least significant bits of the SIB byte are the base register.
					//  They must contain a 5, which is the x86 value for register EBP, and we
					//  want to convert it to a 4, denoting register ESP. We can just zero out
					//  the least significant bit to accomplish that.
					DefOp.sib &= 0xfe;
				}
				else {
					// We sometimes have an instruction in which the frame pointer is used as
					//  the "index" register in the SIB byte, and the true index register is
					//  in the "base" register position in the SIB byte.
					assert(IndexReg == X86_FRAME_POINTER_REG);
					// The true index reg is in the lowest three bits, while the next three
					//  bits must contain a 5 (register EBP) and we want to make them a 4 (ESP).
					//  We must swap base and index regs as we normalize (see explanation above).
					char SIBtemp = DefOp.sib;
					char SIBindex = SIBtemp & 0x38;
					char SIBbase = SIBtemp & 0x07;
					assert ((SIBindex >> 3) == 5); // must be EBP
					SIBtemp &= 0xa0; // zero out lower 6 bits; upper 2 bits are scale factor - leave them alone
					SIBtemp &= (SIBbase << 3); // make old base reg (e.g. ebx) into a proper index reg
					SIBtemp |= 0x04; // make the new base reg be 4 (reg ESP)
					DefOp.sib = SIBtemp;
				}
				this->SetFPNormalizedToSP();
				// Add the stack pointer to the USE set for the instruction.
				this->MDAddRegUse(X86_STACK_POINTER_REG, false);
			}
		}

		else if (DefOp.reg == MD_FRAME_POINTER_REG) {
			// If FPDelta is -4 and SignedOffset is +8, then we have [ebp+8] as DefOp, and this
			//  is equivalent to [esp+4] where esp has its entry value, i.e. this would be the first incoming
			//  argument. If SignedOffset is -12, we have [ebp-12] as DefOp, and this is [esp-16] when
			//  normalized to the entry point value of the stack pointer. In both cases, we can see that the
			//  normalized stack delta is just FPDelta+SignedOffset.
			NormalizedDelta = FPDelta + (sval_t) SignedOffset;
			// Now, we simply convert the memory operand from EBP to ESP and replace the SignedOffset with the
			//  NormalizedDelta just computed.
			DefOp.reg = MD_STACK_POINTER_REG;
			this->SetFPNormalizedToSP();
			// Add the stack pointer to the USE set for the instruction.
			this->MDAddRegUse(DefOp.reg, false);
		}
		else {
			assert(DefOp.reg == MD_STACK_POINTER_REG);
			// We only need to adjust the offset to reflect the change in the stack pointer since the function
			//  was entered, e.g. [esp+4] is normalized to [esp-28] if the current esp value is 32 less than it
			//  was upon function entry. We get the value "-32" in that case from a member variable.
			NormalizedDelta = this->GetStackPtrOffset() + (sval_t) SignedOffset;
		}
		DefOp.addr = (ea_t) NormalizedDelta; // common to frame and stack pointer cases
		if ((o_phrase == DefOp.type) && (0 != NormalizedDelta)) {
			// mov [esp],eax has an [esp] operand of type o_phrase, because there is no
			//  displacement field. After normalization, it will have a displacement field, so
			//  it has become an operand like [esp-32] and is now type o_displ.
			DefOp.type = o_displ;
		}
		this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->AddNormalizedStackOperand(OldOp, this->GetAddr(), DefOp);
		return true;
	}
	else {
		return false;
	}
} // end of SMPInstr::MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp()

// Normalize stack operands in all DEFs and USEs to have stack deltas relative to the function entry stack pointer.
// Return true if any stack DEFs or USEs were normalized.
bool SMPInstr::MDNormalizeStackOps(bool UseFP, sval_t FPDelta, bool Recomputing, sval_t DeltaIncrement) {
	bool StackOpFound = false;
	bool OpNormalized;
	bool UniqueDEFMemOp = true; // Does DEFMemOp not match any DEFs?
	bool UniqueUSEMemOp = true; // Does USEMemOp not match any USEs?
	bool UniqueLeaUSEMemOp = true; // Does LeaUSEMemOp not match any USEs?
	bool UniqueMoveSource = true; // Does MoveSource not match any USEs?
	set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator DefIter, UseIter;
	list<pair<set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator, op_t> > DefWorkList, UseWorkList;
	list<pair<set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator, op_t> >::iterator WorkIter;
	op_t OldOp, NewOp;
	
	// Find all the DEFs that need changing, and put their iterators into a list.
	// Normalizing stack ops could change their sort order, hence we could skip over
	//  a DEF in the set by erasing a DEF and reinserting a normalized DEF, so we
	//  make all the changes after we iterate through the DEFS set.
	for (DefIter = this->GetFirstDef(); DefIter != this->GetLastDef(); ++DefIter) {
		OldOp = DefIter->GetOp();
		NewOp = OldOp;
		if ((o_reg != NewOp.type) && (o_imm != NewOp.type)) {
			if (Recomputing) {
				OpNormalized = this->MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(DeltaIncrement, true, NewOp);
			}
			else {
				OpNormalized = this->MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(UseFP, FPDelta, NewOp);
			}
			if (OpNormalized) {
				StackOpFound = true;
				if (IsEqOp(OldOp, this->DEFMemOp)) {
					UniqueDEFMemOp = false;
				}
				pair<set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator, op_t> DefItem(DefIter, NewOp);
				DefWorkList.push_back(DefItem);
			}
		}
	}
	// Now go through the DEF worklist and change stack operands to normalized stack operands.
	for (WorkIter = DefWorkList.begin(); WorkIter != DefWorkList.end(); ++WorkIter) {
		DefIter = WorkIter->first;
		DefIter = this->Defs.SetOp(DefIter, WorkIter->second);
	}
	// Normalize op_t private data member DEFs.
	if (Recomputing) {
		OpNormalized = this->MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(DeltaIncrement, UniqueDEFMemOp, this->DEFMemOp);
	}
	else {
		OpNormalized = this->MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(UseFP, FPDelta, this->DEFMemOp);
	}

	// Find all USEs that need changing, and build a second work list.
	for (UseIter = this->GetFirstUse(); UseIter != this->GetLastUse(); ++UseIter) {
		OldOp = UseIter->GetOp();
		NewOp = OldOp;
		if ((o_reg != NewOp.type) && (o_imm != NewOp.type)) {
			if (Recomputing) {
				OpNormalized = this->MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(DeltaIncrement, true, NewOp);
			}
			else {
				OpNormalized = this->MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(UseFP, FPDelta, NewOp);
			}
			if (OpNormalized) {
				StackOpFound = true;
				if (IsEqOp(OldOp, this->USEMemOp)) {
					UniqueUSEMemOp = false;
				}
				if (IsEqOp(OldOp, this->GetLeaMemUseOp())) {
					UniqueLeaUSEMemOp = false;
				}
				if (IsEqOp(OldOp, this->MoveSource)) {
					UniqueMoveSource = false;
				}
				pair<set<DefOrUse, LessDefUse>::iterator, op_t> UseItem(UseIter, NewOp);
				UseWorkList.push_back(UseItem);
			}
		}
	}

	// Now go through the USE worklist and change stack operands to normalized stack operands.
	for (WorkIter = UseWorkList.begin(); WorkIter != UseWorkList.end(); ++WorkIter) {
		UseIter = WorkIter->first;
		UseIter = this->Uses.SetOp(UseIter, WorkIter->second);
	}
	// Normalize op_t private data member USEs.
	op_t TempLeaMemOp = this->GetLeaMemUseOp();
	if (Recomputing) {
		OpNormalized = this->MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(DeltaIncrement, UniqueUSEMemOp, this->USEMemOp);
		OpNormalized = this->MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(DeltaIncrement, UniqueLeaUSEMemOp, TempLeaMemOp);
		if (OpNormalized)
			this->SetLeaMemUseOp(TempLeaMemOp);
		OpNormalized = this->MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(DeltaIncrement, UniqueMoveSource, this->MoveSource);
	}
	else {
		OpNormalized = this->MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(UseFP, FPDelta, this->USEMemOp);
		OpNormalized = this->MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(UseFP, FPDelta, TempLeaMemOp);
		if (OpNormalized)
			this->SetLeaMemUseOp(TempLeaMemOp);
		OpNormalized = this->MDComputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(UseFP, FPDelta, this->MoveSource);
	}
	// Declare victory.
	this->SetDefsNormalized();

	return StackOpFound;
} // end of SMPInstr::MDNormalizeStackOps()

// Renormalize SP-relative stack operands in functions that call alloca() by adding DeltaIncrement to their stack displacements.
// DefOp comes in with the operand to be renormalized, and contains the normalized operand upon return.
// Return true if operand is a register or stack location, false otherwise (true => include in data flow analysis sets and SSA.)
bool SMPInstr::MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp(sval_t DeltaIncrement, bool UpdateMaps, op_t &DefOp) {
	op_t OldOp = DefOp;
	if (o_reg == DefOp.type) {
		return true;
	}
	else if (MDIsStackAccessOpnd(DefOp, this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->UsesFramePointer())) {
		if (this->HasFPNormalizedToSP()) {
			// FP-relative operands do no change in alloca() functions when the alloca()
			//  causes the SP to change.
			return true;
		}

		// The remaining cases are simple. The ESP-relative displacement is incremented by
		//  DeltaIncrement, regardless of the presence of a SIB byte.
		int SignedOffset = (int) DefOp.addr;
		sval_t NormalizedDelta = DeltaIncrement + (sval_t) SignedOffset;

		DefOp.addr = (ea_t) NormalizedDelta;

		if ((o_phrase == DefOp.type) && (0 != NormalizedDelta)) {
			// mov [esp],eax has an [esp] operand of type o_phrase, because there is no
			//  displacement field. After normalization, it will have a displacement field, so
			//  it has become an operand like [esp-32] and is now type o_displ.
			DefOp.type = o_displ;
		}

		if (UpdateMaps) { // We don't update maps for duplicate entries, e.g. USEMemOp, DEFMemOp, MoveSource
			this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->AddNormalizedStackOperand(OldOp, this->GetAddr(), DefOp);
		}
		return true;
	}
	else {
		return false;
	}
} // end of SMPInstr::MDRecomputeNormalizedDataFlowOp()

// If NormOp is a normalized stack memory operand, unnormalize it.
void SMPInstr::MDGetUnnormalizedOp(op_t &NormOp) {
	sval_t SignedOffset;
	bool UseFP = this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->UsesFramePointer();
	if (this->AreDefsNormalized() && MDIsStackAccessOpnd(NormOp, UseFP)) {
		if (this->HasFPNormalizedToSP()) {
			// Need to convert NormOp back to frame-pointer-relative address.
			if (NormOp.hasSIB) {
				// Convert base register from stack pointer back to frame pointer.
				NormOp.sib |= 0x01;
			}
			else {
				NormOp.reg = MD_FRAME_POINTER_REG;
			}
			SignedOffset = (sval_t) NormOp.addr;
			SignedOffset -= this->GetBlock()->GetFunc()->GetFramePtrStackDelta();
		}
		else {
			// NormOp should remain stack-pointer-relative address, but it
			//  should be a positive offset from the current stack pointer instead
			//  of a negative offset from the entry point of the function.
			SignedOffset = (sval_t) NormOp.addr;
			SignedOffset -= this->GetStackPtrOffset();
			assert(0 <= SignedOffset);
		}
		NormOp.addr = (ea_t) SignedOffset;
	}
	return;
} // end of SMPInstr::MDGetUnnormalizedOp()

// Find USE-not-DEF operand that is not the flags register.
op_t SMPInstr::GetSourceOnlyOperand(void) {
	size_t OpNum;
	for (OpNum = 0; OpNum < UA_MAXOP; ++OpNum) {
		if (this->features & DefMacros[OpNum]) { // DEF
			;
		}
		else if (this->features & UseMacros[OpNum]) { // USE
			op_t CurrOp = this->SMPcmd.Operands[OpNum];
			if (!(CurrOp.is_reg(X86_FLAGS_REG))) {
				return CurrOp;
			}
		}
	}
	// It is expected that increment, decrement, and floating point stores
	//  will not have a USE-only operand. Increment and decrement have an
	//  operand that is both USEd and DEFed, while the floating point stack
	//  registers are implicit in most floating point opcodes. Also, exchange
	//  and exchange-and-add instructions have multiple DEF-and-USE operands.
	int TypeGroup = SMPTypeCategory[this->SMPcmd.itype];
	if ((TypeGroup != 2) && (TypeGroup != 4) && (TypeGroup != 9) && (TypeGroup != 12)
		&& (TypeGroup != 13)) {
		SMP_msg("ERROR: Could not find source only operand at %lx in %s\n",
			(unsigned long) this->address, DisAsmText.GetDisAsm(this->GetAddr()));
	}
	return InitOp;
} // end of SMPInstr::GetSourceOnlyOperand()

// Should apparent memory operands be ignored? e.g. lea opcode on x86
bool SMPInstr::MDIgnoreMemOps(void) {
	bool leaInst = (NN_lea == this->SMPcmd.itype);
	return leaInst;
}

// Find memory DEFs and USEs, store in DEFMemOp and USEMemOp
void SMPInstr::FindMemOps(void) {
	size_t OpNum;

	if (!(this->MDIgnoreMemOps())) {
		for (OpNum = 0; OpNum < UA_MAXOP; ++OpNum) {
			op_t TempOp = this->SMPcmd.Operands[OpNum];
			if ((TempOp.type >= o_mem) && (TempOp.type <= o_displ)) { // memory
				if (this->features & DefMacros[OpNum]) { // DEF
					if (this->DEFMemOp.type == o_void) { // only save first mem DEF
						this->DEFMemOp = TempOp;
					}
				}
				if (this->features & UseMacros[OpNum]) { // USE
					if (this->USEMemOp.type == o_void) { // only save first mem USE
						this->USEMemOp = TempOp;
					}
				}
			}
		} // end for (OpNum = 0; ...)
	}
	this->SetMemOpsFound();
	return;
} // end of SMPInstr::FindMemOps()

// Fix problems with the operands list in SMPcmd.
void SMPInstr::MDFixupIDAProOperandList(void) {
	// IDA Pro often takes the instruction imul eax,0x80 and creates the following operands and features bits:
	//  Opnd[0] = EAX, both DEF and USE
	//  Opnd[1] = EAX, just USE
	//  Opnd[2] = immediate, neither DEF nor USE
	//  Our RTL building keys in on the DEF/USE bits in features, so this looks like imul eax,eax to us.
	//  We want it to look like:
	//  Opnd[0] = EAX, both DEF and USE
	//  Opnd[1] = immediate, just USE
	if (NN_imul == this->SMPcmd.itype) {
		op_t Opnd2 = this->SMPcmd.Operands[2];
		if ((!(this->features & DefMacros[2]))
			&& (!(this->features & UseMacros[2]))) {
			if (o_void != Opnd2.type) {
				// We have a third operand that is neither DEF nor USE.
				SMP_msg("INFO: Fixing IMUL operand list at %lx\n", (unsigned long) this->GetAddr());
				this->Dump();
				// Two cases: Operands[0] == Operands[1], e.g. imul eax,Opnd2
				//  or else three-operand form: e.g. imul eax,ecx,Opnd2
				// For the three-operand form, make sure Opnd0 is DEF only, others
				//  are USE only. For the two-operand form, make sure Opnd0 is DEF and USE,
				//  Opnd1 is current Opnd2 and is USE only.
				op_t Opnd0 = this->SMPcmd.Operands[0];
				op_t Opnd1 = this->SMPcmd.Operands[1];
				if (IsEqOp(Opnd0, Opnd1)) {
					// No need for three-operand form.
					this->features |= DefMacros[0];
					this->features |= UseMacros[0];
					this->SMPcmd.Operands[1] = Opnd2;
					this->SMPcmd.Operands[2] = InitOp;
				}
				else { // Must have three-operand form.
					this->features |= UseMacros[2]; // set missing USE bit.
					this->features &= (~UseMacros[0]); // Ensure no USE of Opnd0.
				}
				this->Dump();
			}		
		}
	}
	return;
} // SMPInstr::MDFixupIDAProOperandList()

// Fill the Defs and Uses private data members.
void SMPInstr::BuildSMPDefUseLists(void) {
	size_t OpNum;
	bool DebugFlag = (0x8049b00 == this->GetAddr());
	bool WidthDoubler = this->MDDoublesWidth();

	this->Defs.clear();
	this->Uses.clear();

	// Start with the Defs.
	for (OpNum = 0; OpNum < UA_MAXOP; ++OpNum) {
		if (this->features & DefMacros[OpNum]) { // DEF
			op_t TempOp = this->SMPcmd.Operands[OpNum];
			if (WidthDoubler) {
				// Opcodes that sign-extend a byte to a word, or a word to a dword, 
				//  have only one operand. It is implicit, and it is the shorter USE.
				//  That means the DEF will have the same width as the USE, e.g. if
				//  we are sign-extending AX to EAX, the USE and DEF both be AX without
				//  a special fix. We fix this problem with the DEF operand now.
				if (TempOp.dtyp == dt_byte) {
					TempOp.dtyp = dt_word;
					TempOp.reg = MDCanonicalizeSubReg(TempOp.reg);
				}
				else if (TempOp.dtyp == dt_word) {
					TempOp.dtyp = dt_dword;
					TempOp.reg = MDCanonicalizeSubReg(TempOp.reg);
				}
				else if (TempOp.dtyp == dt_dword) {
					TempOp.dtyp = dt_qword;
				}
				else {
					SMP_msg("ERROR: Instruction operand %zu not 1,2, or 4 bytes at %lx dtyp: %d\n", 
						OpNum, (unsigned long) this->address, TempOp.dtyp);
				}
			}
			if (MDKnownOperandType(TempOp)) {
				if (DebugFlag) {